“Let’s Get It On” versus “Thinking Out Loud” follows a series of other high-profile cases said to have left the state of music copyright law somewhat in disarray. Headlines blared that copyright infringement cases involving Pharell Williams’s “Blurred Lines,” and Katy Perry’s “Dark Horse,” struck fear in the hearts of creatives. Since then, however, the reversal (in favor of Katy Perry) of the shocking “Dark Horse” verdict and the upholding of the no-infringement verdict in Led Zeppelin’s “Stairway To Heaven” case is said to have returned us to a steadier footing. We’ll soon see. “Thinking Out Loud” and “Let’s Get It On” appears to be headed for trial. In terms of “protectable creative expression, it will be extremely important, and if it were to go sideways, although I have always spoken of the “Blurred Lines” case as disastrous, I’ve come to think a bad verdict on “Let’s Get It On” versus “Thinking Out Loud” would be considerably worse.
These verdicts matter to music and creativity generally. There’s a north star to consider, and it’s that copyright law serves the important purpose of encouraging creativity and achieves it through an admittedly delicate balance of protecting rights holders while enabling an appropriate amount of derivation of prior works in the creation of new ones. Its intent is beneficial, noble, and worth defending and preserving. Preserving it means getting cases like this right.
We can foresee and explain the arguments that are coming, and what is and isn’t musicologically valid about them. The deep dive that’s coming afterward gets pretty in the weeds, and the short version is the escape hatch; no reason to bury the lede further. In a nutshell, I believe Sheeran will, and certainly should, prevail because there’s insufficient original material that’s protectable by copyright in “Let’s Get It On” that also appears in “Thinking Out Loud” to infer that Sheeran copied anything. And it’s not, in my opinion, very close. That’s the succinct version.
The two songs, not because you haven’t heard them before, but just as a refresher and an initial reference point.
Maybe you hear them as similar. Maybe you don’t. The fact is, they are a bit. But in ways that are not “substantial.”
Let’s quickly mention a technicality — the fact that the recording of “Let’s” that you just listened to is, annoyingly, probably not very material to the case. Yes, that’s crazy, but here’s why it’s the law, quickly: Copyright protects “published works,” and prevailing copyright law from a hundred years ago did not consider recordings to be “published” works but instead regarded the sheet music deposit copy that gets filed with the copyright office as the published and therefore protected work. In the “Blurred Lines” and “Stairway” cases, the plaintiffs had to establish significant similarities not with the famous recordings we all know, but with the notes that appeared written on their respective deposit copies. You can read plenty here on the Musicologize website about how that went. Filings in this case thus far are packed with arguments about whether the recording of “Let’s Get It On” should be excluded.
{Update: it appears the recordings are out. Let’s Get It On will be defined by its deposit copy.}
I happen to think that it’s inadequate and artificial to narrow the scope to a (usually) one-page sheet-music rendition, but it’s a complex problem. And in the end, we should be prepared; that’s probably how this will go. But to make a point, let’s say it doesn’t go that way! Let’s briefly assume the plaintiffs get everything they want in that regard, and unlike in the “Stairway To Heaven” or “Blurred Lines” trials, here they get to play the record in court, a huge win for them. Let’s just pretend they’re going to get it.
The plaintiffs need to rely almost completely on these four things shared by both works: similar but basic chord progressions, similar but basic harmonic rhythms, similar but basic bass and drum parts, and a similar tempo. And by the way, with or without the recording being allowed, they’ll argue these elements are found or are at least implied by the sheet music deposit copy.
And all of that will be mostly true, but it’s not much. And there’s not much else. Not really.
The defense will respond by saying the chord progression in “Let’s” is not original and was in common use before “Let’s Get It On.” (“Let’s Get It On” is original, but its chord progression by itself is not.) They will present a long list of other familiar works containing chord progressions very much like both “Let’s” and “Thinking.” And then, when they’ve made the case for how common the chord progression is, they’ll point out that the four-chord progression in “Thinking” actually differs somewhat from “Let’s.” So, it’s just four chords, common, basic, brief, and it’s not even identical.
The defense will be right in every way that matters. That’s the short version.
Let’s indulge the arguments and go through the process and see if we can get more insight and value out of this.
I’m not going to indulge any “selection and arrangement” type of presentation at this point. If it should be raised at some point, perhaps at trial, I’ll get all worked up about it then. For now I’ll just be stubbornly dismissive and talk about music and not phone books.
Again, by far, the most compelling and maybe the only real plaintiff argument is that some pretty basic elements, already mentioned — which we will now call, collectively, the “groove,” or “feel,” or “propulsive engine,” of the songs — are indeed similar. This puts it very much in the context of “Blurred Lines.” Critics of the “Blurred Lines” decisions, including the dissent from the appellate court, say that decision made it possible for the first time to own a “groove” or “style,” and this was a substantial shift from the established boundaries of copyright. Others, chiefly the plaintiffs, would say such objections fail to recognize and accept that broad and substantial similarity was proven to the jury’s satisfaction.
I agree with them somewhat. Despite a terrible “Blurred Lines” verdict and Judge Nyugen’s dissent, you really can’t own a style. It just seemed that way. A groove though? At some point, it has to be depend on what’s in the groove? And the actual “Thinking vs Let’s” complaint filing doesn’t contain the word “groove,” (wisely) but rather it deconstructs the groove and examines and compares its individual components. Very smart. A pile of evidence looks more substantial when it’s all spread out, right?
Foremost of those individual components are the respective chord progressions. We will take a closer look than before. Much will be made of this.
The main progressions in the two songs are these:
"Let's Get It On" chords: Eb Gm Ab Bb.
I iii IV V
"Thinking Out Loud" chords: Eb Eb/G Ab Bb.
I I/^3 IV V
The roman numerals are just a little bit of basic music theory that goes like this:
The seven diatonic chords in the key of Eb (forgive redundancy) are, in order... Chord Names: Eb Fm Gm Ab Bb Cm D° Roman Num: I ii iii IV V vi vii° That's E flat, F minor, and so on. Lower case numerals represent minor chords.
Now back to the chords from the two songs. That little carrot character thing I typed into the second chord from the “Thinking” progression means “degree,” and when I put a slash, I am specifying a bass note other than the one for which the chord is names. In this case, it’s the bass note “G” which is the third degree or 3rd note of the Eb major scale. (Eb major scale is Eb F G Ab Bb C D Eb) Get it? If not there’s my very quick theory lesson over here.
Obviously enough, three of the four chords in both songs are identical; only the second ones are different. How much difference does that one chord make to the overall similarity of the four-chord progression? Oh, they’ll argue this for a long time.
The plaintiffs will argue it makes almost no difference at all, not just because it’s only one chord out of the four, but because the two different chords hardly sound different; they’re mostly equivalent and arguably pretty interchangeable.
Q: How can chords (notes sounding together) that are not identical be similar, equivalent, and interchangeable?
A: By having some notes in common, and by sharing the same “harmonic function,” which is a music theorist’s way of saying something like, “they both make the listener feel kinda the same way at hearing them and impart the same set of expectations for what chords and notes might be coming next.”
Here’s a quick look at the notes that make up the two chords that weren’t identical.
The notes in an Gm chord are... G Bb D. The notes in a Eb/G chord are... G Bb Eb.
So two of the three notes are shared, start with that.
Further, they will argue that the bass note of a chord has so much harmonic function clout that the other notes are of lesser relevance. In other words, the “G’ in the bass, common to both songs, is far more important than the other notes accompanying it.
Then they may say that the different notes, Eb in one and D in the other, are immediately adjacent notes only a half-step apart, so they’re minimally different.
The bass note argument is valid enough. The adjacency argument though would be misleading. In most cases, notes that are immediately adjacent are arguably the least similar sounding notes in music.
How far can this go? Consider that the plaintiffs have an esoteric argument that when the G in the bass is accompanied by a G in the melody as it is in “Thinking,” you’ll perceive the “iii” chord even if nobody is playing it because of the overtone series. So they can argue that both songs have that “d” note even if Sheeran doesn’t play a “d.” I told you this was a deep dive.
Q: What’s the overtone series?
A: Roughly it’s like this: You play a note, you think you’re hearing one pitch, but unless it’s a pure sine wave coming from an oscillator, you’re actually hearing several pitches. The pitch you hear most is the “fundamental” frequency. But the sound also includes other audible “partials” at pitches above that, called “overtones.” Pitch or frequency is measured in hertz, and overtones occur at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. These overtones give instruments their character. A flute has a different overtone profile than a bell. Got it? Kinda? Still awake?
When you or Ed Sheeran play a “G“, one of the more prominent overtones is gonna be “D.” A plaintiff exhibit if I’m not mistaken offers other examples, such as “The Weight” by The Band. Levon Helm sings the first line, “Went down to Nazareth,” and when he lands on the word “Nazareth,” they argue a listener might imagine they hear the “D” that would be in a “iii” chord even if “I/^3″ is what’s actually played. Then it mentions the Commodores’ “Easy” as well. Wanna hear those?
Are they right? Kinda.
So far, not impressed. They have more luck with their next example.
In Credence Clearwater Revival’s “Who’ll Stop The Rain,” Mr. Fogarty alternately employs both Gm and Eb/G over the third lines of consecutive stanzas.
You may need to play the song to follow this. The third line of verse one “Clouds of mystery pourin‘” stays on an Eb chord — a repetition of the Eb played over the first line “As long as I remember,” — but the third line of the second verse “Caught up in the fable” is accompanied by Gm — a contrast to the first line, “Went down to Virginia” (or something like that.) So the point would be that both chords provide the same overall arch to the verses they serve. And I’d agree. This is a decent illustration of how the two chords are somewhat interchangeable.
The defense may well argue that since it’s only four chords across just four measures of music (though repeated throughout the song) musicological norms would demand that the similarity be identical or very nearly so to be considered similar. Sometimes we hear of copyright being “thin.” Let’s look at it from the defense’s perspective. Sure, these two chords are a bit similar, but they’re not the same. How are they different and what difference does it make?
When a “I” chord changes by bass note only to become a “I/^3″ you haven’t added any new tones. You’ve only changed which of the three notes is heard lowest. This has the effect, functionally, of making the chord less stable and less comfortable, and the listener will expect the chord to soon change rather than persist. But we’ve changed the quality of the I chord only very minimally. It’s still the same three notes.
When a piece of music goes from the I chord and moves to a iii chord, it introduces the note D, a new color, with meaning and greater instability and abandon the note for which the key is named, Eb, bringing greater instability. You’ve changed the chord more, but still not very much.
So this is relative. Both options are mostly what we call “Tonic,” the most stable harmonic function. “Tonic” stability is where most songs begin and end. “Tonic” is like harmonic home base. And while only the I chord is the so-called “tonic” chord, the iii chord and vi chords, each with two notes in common with the I chord, are relatively tonic in function.
Even I can see how that’s tedious. But it’s the sort of discussion we’re facing. They have so little else to talk about!
This would be a fun one.
Further arguing how similar these second chords are, a plaintiff expert observed that when “Let’s” chord moves from Eb to Gm, an Eb note occurs in the melody much of the time whereas D notes occur much more rarely. The expert concludes that this Eb note implies the second chord in “Let’s” is, or at least could’ve been written in the deposit copy as, an Eb/G (I/^3) after all. This touches upon the same point I made about what chord should be written above the “ah ah ah ah” in “Easy.”
The argument has weaknesses.
First, it’s just the less available interpretation. I’d say if the sheet music contains Eb notes in the melody but a Gm chord symbol, this more readily conveys that you are expressly NOT to only move the bass note and play Eb/G but very deliberately play “iii” with its tonal color of ^7 or “D?” It’s a much greater leap to infer otherwise — that the “D,” while expressly stated, is actually unimportant to the composition or a mistake? Next, it’s not what’s on the record, so we’re only here because the record was barred from the trial. That’s kinda funny.
I’d point out also that the “C” and “Gb” notes you also find sung over the “iii” chords are the more prominent out-of-place melody notes in that circumstance. But they don’t support the story that I/^3 is the veiled but “true” harmony so we won’t talk about those.
If we’re damned determined to blame the sheet music scribe, taking into account the C and the Eb, ignoring the bluesy Gb’s, I might’ve labeled the chord as Ebmaj13/G, or I could’ve called it a “Gm6 add 11” or something much less supportive of the plaintiff’s point. All of these are defensible and serve different sides. Frankly, the sheet music has a more plain-spoken style than any of that. This is much ado about nothing.
That’s PLENTY about whether “I/^3” is equivalent to “iii.” And this is where we come back down to earth, even if we’re deep diving. It doesn’t matter that those two chords might be kinda similar. The whole chord progression can be kinda similar and it doesn’t matter. It’s not original and protectable by copyright. It’s too basic. Too common. Too insignificant.
There’s really no way to fight this fight. But here are some of the kinds of arguments anticipated for the melodies being significantly similar, again paraphrased by me for the sake of brevity.
There’s an observation that the melody in “Let’s” uses bluesy Gb’s (that’s ^b3), and “Thinking” similarly finds its way to ^3, and both serve as dissonant sevenths over the IV chords.
This is grasping for stuff that appears to serve them. While ^3 and ^b3 might appear similar, they’re two different notes. It’s arguably more contrast than similarity.
And moreover, remember just a few points ago when they argued that a melody note should inform how we name its accompanying chord? Here they’d be likening “G” and “Gb,” and these would result in an additional different chord in the progression, the third chords in the progression would be Abmaj7 and Ab7. A new self-inflicted dissimilarity for the plaintiffs to contend with. This one:
"Let's Get It On" chords: Eb Gm Ab7 Bb.
I iii IV7 V
"Thinking Out Loud" chords: Eb Eb/G Abmaj7 Bb.
I I/^3 IV V
The plaintiff report notes that both verse melodies end on the note Eb against Bb in the accompaniment. Yep. That’s true. Happens in a gazillion other melodies too.
Again relying upon the shaky idea that the bluesy ^b3’s in “Let’s” are pretty equivalent to the less bluesy ^3’s in “Thinking,” they might characterize “Thinking” as a less bluesy version of “Let’s.” But that’s begging as all hell. And this should be a whole article by itself: Different melodies are not made more the same by the premise that the author of one might’ve created their melody with consideration of the other! Different is different however it comes to be.
More minutae that might come up in court. I read an idea that there’s similarity in that “both songs use the same pitch relationship in the same voice for the same ornamental function relating the same scale degree to the same non-chord tone.” We can look at that I guess…
In the latter half of the chorus, the second time Gaye sings “Let’s Get It On,” “On” lands on C and resolves to Bb one beat later. In numerical terms, “Let’s” employs ^6 as an ornament of ^5. The plaintiffs are I think likenening this to similar ornament in Thinking. But in “Let’s” it’s mostly a “suspension.” Gaye lands on the non-chord tone “C” on the strong beat and releases to the chord tone Bb. That’s a basic musical device. Sheeran’s ornament is rhythmically different. It’s an anacrusis — a couple notes at the end of the phrase that clear the way for the first strong beat of the next phrase, a “pickup.” But the punchline is, IT’S NOT IN THE MELODY. It’s a little guitar figure Sheeran plays! We’re so far into inconsequential almost random observations that it’s getting funny.
I’ll just italicize a bunch of tid-bit analysis arguments that might be made or were made in filings and then evaluate them quickly:
“The Gaye – Townsend composition’s upper-voice emphasis on ^5 and ^3 shown throughout the deposit copy is unusual when supported by the iii chord, which is more characteristic with ^7 in the upper voice.”
I have to try to imagine where this is going, but there are three chord-tones (pitches) in a iii triad, ^3 ^5 and ^7 and the notion that two of them are somehow “unusual” is especially weak. To say that neither of these songs use ^7 very much over iii is to harp on that lonely argument that iii and I/^3 are the same thing, and that the chord progressions are the same. And there’s a logical fallacy here besides. Sheeran doesn’t sing ^7 and he doesn’t play iii. He’s consistent. The ^7 over iii chords in “Let’s” are plain as day in the recording and on the sheet music. So firstly I’m saying, it’s hard to employ the point that Sheeran is NOT doing things Gaye DID in service to your copying argument. Then, I’m saying Different Drum by the Stone Ponies plays the same four chords for two verses, and NEVER hits the supposedly more characteristic ^7. Red Rubber Ball? Georgy Girl? Jean? All songs with the same chords, no supposedly very characteristic ^7. This is bunk.
This chord progression is nothing novel. The case fails there. And the rest of this is indulgent.
I – iii – IV – V is literally the first chord progression I can remember being excited about as a kid. On a guitar, age 6. “Where are you going my little one, little one.”
It’s in Red Rubber Ball, Georgy Girl, Puff The Magic Dragon, Different Drum, Jean, My Cup Runneth Over, and some stupid movie theme called “Brother Of The Wind” that just popped into my head from when I was at a drive-in movie when I was like 5 that I’ll have to google now.
This progression is simple and basic; arguing otherwise is dubious.
It is very unusual to repeat the I – iii – IV – V progression as a loop without contrast, and especially rare to do so throughout the entirety of both verses and choruses.
Arguing originality and similarity through interminable repetition of an unoriginal progression? Ew. It used to be unusual for songs to be this static in general. Nowadays it’s common. It’s not the least bit unique to “Thinking.”
One challenge Sheeran has is finding other occurrences of the chord progression with the same harmonic rhythm. I listed a bunch of songs that play the same four chords as these two. But they don’t play them in the same rhythm exactly. Too much is going to be made of this.
It’s a simple chord progression over a simple rhythm. But it isn’t easy to find other examples that do the same exact thing. “Georgy Girl” is the main one I have found.
Update: The plaintiffs found a handful of others. “You Lost The Sweetest Boy” by Mary Wells is a good example, and I’ve cued this up to 30 seconds in, at which point the underlying groove is the same I-iii-IV-V progression with the same anticipated second and fourth chords that Thinking and Let’s use.
This argument needs to be put down though. Is syncopation a common musical device? Yes.
I’m reminded of this from Sheeran’s recent case involving “Shape Of You.”
In court, Andrew Sutcliffe QC, representing Mr Chokri and Mr O’Donoghue, asked the expert (Sheeran’s): ‘You accept don’t you Mr Ricigliano that despite all your research you have not found any examples in any corner of the earth over the past 200 years which sound phonetically the same as the chorus in Oh Why and the post chorus in Shape Of You.’
Daily Mail UK
‘That’s correct,’ Mr Ricigliano said.
‘Do you not find this extraordinary?’ Mr Sutcliffe asked, with the expert replying: ‘No’.
In litigation, this is process. But in the real world where we know how songs are written, and where we want more to be written, it’s pedantic to even explore this. Even if you could NOT find a half a dozen tracks that include this progression and this groove, a thousand tunes should be written in the future over it without anyone saying one significantly copies another on that basis. That’s how copyright is supposed to work.
What we really have is the Tonic Chord for a four-count, a slightly modified but still tonic chord for another four-count, followed by a SubDominant Chord for another four count, and then a Dominant Chord for a four count. “I vi IV V” is built in an equivalent manner and might be the world’s most familiar progression. I can substitute here and there, show you ten variations in five minutes all having that very familiar, not at all novel, chord function pattern. In terms of harmonic rhythm, I might them played straight, swung, syncopated, or combinations thereof and you’d regard them ALL as common — just the stuff of western popular music. The stuff that most of us, whether we realize it or not, expect and prefer to hear as the basis for most everything on our pop Spotify channel.
The defense will whittle this down, arguing for filtering out elements found in prior art, essentially saying, “After filtering elements that are found in prior are, tell us what remains that is:
A: protectable in “Let’s”
B: common to both songs.
The idea that the partly syncopated (anticipated) chord progression is original enough to enjoy copyright protection is comical. The melodies and lyrics are absolutely different despite all the silliness we indulged here, and if we were to honor the “filtering” question, they are the only parts of either of these songs that are original and protected by copyright.
All of this, don’t forget, is mostly our looking at the two recordings — which is almost certainly NOT going to happen in court. The most charitable scenario for “Let’s.” Instead, they’re more likely going to be comparing “Thinking” to the sheet music deposit copy of “Let’s.” There are no drum parts indicated there. There is far less musical information on the page. The plaintiffs will need to argue that there are elements implied via musical shorthand. That sounds very limiting, but this doesn’t turn on whether the recording is allowed or isn’t, as I’ve said from the beginning. Overall, unlike in the Stairway case, the deposit copy of “Let’s” is a mostly sufficient representation of “Let’s.” The expected exclusion of the audio recording does NOT leave the plaintiffs nearly so shorthanded. I’m not so sure they aren’t better off, actually, but that’d be another longer discussion. They will try to get the recording heard in court and laypersons might be persuaded that similarity, any similarity, is theft. That’s how it goes in court sometimes. I just don’t see this happening.
{UPDATE: The recording appears to be disallowed.}
Ultimately any similarities observed between these two songs are elements that are simple, basic, common, unoriginal, and not worthy of protection by copyright. None of the ideas we’ve indulged come close to changing that. They’re just diversions.
In all likelihood, Sheeran will prevail again. He certainly should. And “Let’s Get It On” will not be the least bit diminished by it. As for copyright law and the climate of fear, it’s another step back toward the noble place it’s supposed to occupy, encouraging creativity, and giving us more art to enjoy.
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Music forensics takes the romance out of music. How do you like a molecular biologist telling you the different molecules that make up each bite of food you are eating? Is the NaCl table salt, Himalayan, sea salt or whatever? Is the sugar black, brown, red or honey? Is that vodka sauce made from Russian vodka or grandpa’s moonshine? Who would care as long as the food taste good and you won’t die from eating it?
The love of money has suffocated so many creative minds. Those beings who are incapable of creating original music, are the one’s fighting to seize their 9.1cents and stifling creativity.
For some it can. For others the granular exploration enhances the romance. I like molecular scientists writing cookbooks. They’ve made my cheeseburger taste better. And I like trying salts with different mineralities. To me, it adds to the experience. But other times, sure, I want a chili dog and I don’t want to talk about it while I eat it.
Interestingly (or not), food/recipes are not copyrightable.
But I’m not sure copyright for music in particular is really sustainable — especially with century-plus terms. There are a finite number of melodies that sound “good,” (I.e. not like random noise) within 2-4 bars. Sure, give the lyrics 100 years, but the music itself maybe 10. At some point it’s all going to be public domain, and dragging it out won’t change that; only delay it. In the meantime, it ties up our legal system with frivolous lawsuits by litigious hangers-on riding the inherited coattails of greatness. And I’m pretty sure an acrimonious lawsuit over tenuous copyright claims was not the “it” that Marvin Gaye had in mind when he sang “Let’s…”
People have this irrational fear that deep, theoretical music analysis will somehow “destroy the heart and soul” or “romance” of music. But maybe that’s just a way for them to mask their own ignorance and insecurity in not understanding. Like it or not, there is a maths and science to music, whether or not you’re aware of it, it’s there. Great musical minds, weather Ed Sheeran or Creedance Clearwater would have to think in theoretical terms on some level, in terms of chord function, chord quality, rhythm, etc., at the very least. If people don’t want to read or hear music analysis, then stop listening. Just like I’m going to tune out when a scientist starts using inaccessible language to explain chemistry or whatever. But even if I’m not hearing it, it’s none the less important and can lead to break throughs, such as the universal constants of music that transend time and culture. There’s nothing worse than someone who gives a superficial analysis of music that sounds smart, but actually does none of the theoretical heavy lifting, which this article does not shy away from. Thank you.
I am a fan of both Marvin Gaye and Ed Sheeran and these songs DO NOT sound anything alike to me at all. This lawsuit is stupid.
There are only 12 available notes in western music, and 4017 possible chords. This means that sooner or later, musicians will use the same chords or the same notes as other musicians. Does this mean plagiarism.
NOPE.
The only real way to decide this case is simultaneously play Thinking Out Loud and Let’s Get It On at the same time. I believe that the singers would hit different notes at different times and the cadence of the music would differ as well.
The lawsuit is just plan stupid and I hope it fails.
They have tried the same thing with a hundred different songs. According to them everybody is trying to steal ” Let’s get it on”. This is just absurd I don’t hear anything remotely close to Marvin Gaye’s song. That poor man is rolling in his grave. Everyone is trying to steal his song. Give me a break.
Who is “they?” This is not the Marvin Gaye estate. It is the estate of co-writer Ed Townsend. And in my experience, and from everything I have gathered on this case, his family is sincerely trying to do the right thing. There is a duty to protect your father’s legacy. I rarely find that greed is the motivation for these things.
I believe it is important to “protect’ the basic building blocks of music for the benefit of everyone on the planet to use freely without fear.
The only way that can happen is if we throw cases like this out. The judge in the “Stairway to Heaven” case eventually ruled that no one has the right to monopolize basic blocks of music, but that was after a drawn out legal battle. Didn’t anyone learn anything from that ruling?
The most fundamental rule of copyright is that only original elements of a song are copyrightable, this case seeks to defy that fundamental rule.
For me, this lawsuit is crazy. It feels no different to, say, Picasso suing another artist for using the same shade of green that he has in one of his paintings! No-one can copyright a colour or note, surely!! Where would the world of art go if we did?
● In contrast to Taylor Swift’s compositions, there has consistently been a sense of familiarity in Ed Sheeran’s music, as if it has been heard before. This feeling of déjà vu has been present throughout his work. “The Joker and the Queen” is no exception. ● It is widely known that Ed Sheeran frequently collaborates with others, including Wadge, on his music. While collaboration can be beneficial, it also carries the risk of copyright infringement, as the collaborative development of chords and melodies can diminish the genuine creative spark that is more prevalent when working alone.